Positive charges in ions are achieved by stripping away electrons from atomic nuclei, where the total number of electrons removed is related to either increasing temperature or the local density of other ionized matter.
The interior of the Sun is an example of fully ionized plasma, along with the solar corona and other stars. The Earth's ionosphere is plasma, and the magnetosphere contains plasma in the Earth's surrounding space environment. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasma. Based on the surrounding environmental temperature and density, partially ionized or fully ionized forms of plasma may be produced. Plasma and ionized gases have properties and display behaviors unlike those of the other states, and the transition between them is mostly a matter of nomenclature and subject to interpretation. Plasma can be artificially generated by heating or subjecting a neutral gas to a strong electromagnetic field to the point where an ionized gaseous substance becomes increasingly electrically conductive, and long-range electromagnetic fields can dominate the behavior of the matter. Plasma is one of the four major states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
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